ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

All the cells in your body respond to messages sent by three of your major body systems- the nervous system, the imune system, and the endocrine system. These three systems work closely together to coordinate the functions of the bosy. The endocrine system is especially important during the teen years because one of its main functions is to regulate growth and devolpment.

Endocrine Glands are ductless or tubeless organs or groups of cells that secrete hormones directly the body.

Hormones are chemically substances that are produced in glands and help regulate many of your body's functions.

Thyroid Glands produces hormones that regulate metabolism body heat,and body growth.

Parathyroid Glands produce a hormone that regulates the body's calcium and phosphorus balance.

Pituitary Gland regulates and controls the activities of all the other endocrine glands.

Pancreas a gland that serves both the digestive and the endocrine system.

Gonads ovaries or testes.

Andrenal Glands are glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies.

Reproductive System the system of organs involved in producing offspring.

Sperm male reproductive cells.

Testosterone male sex hormone.

Testes two small glands that produce sperm.

Scrotum an external skin sac.

Penis is a tube shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body just above the testes.

Semen is a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system.

Sterility is the inabilty to reproduce.

Digestive and Urinary System

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Food must be changed into smaller nutrients before they can be absorbed into the blood and carried into the cells in the body.

• DIGESTION-Mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods for the use by the body's cells.
• ABSORPTION-Passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular system.
• ELIMINATION-The expulsion of undigested food or body waste.

Structures Of The Digestive System

The digestion process begins in the mouth,the first stage of the process, is taking the food into the body.

• TEETH-Primary function is to break the food you eat into smaller pieces.
• MASTICATION-Process of chewing.
• Salivary glands-Produce first juices in mouth.
• Tongue-Forms food to be swallowed.

ESOPHAGUS

When food is swallowed it enters the esophagus, it is a muscular tube about 10 inches long that connect the pharynx with the stomach.

• PERISTALSIS-a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

STOMACH

Is a hollow, sac like organ enclosed in a muscular wall.

• GASTRIC JUICES-secretions from the stomach lining that contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
• CHYME-a creamy,fluid mixture of food and gastric juices.

CARE AND PROBLEMS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Follow a well balanced diet that includes a variety of foods that are low in fat and high in fiber.

FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Indigestion-is a feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen.
• Heartburn-a burning sensation in the center chest.
• Hiatal hernia-a condition.
• Gas-carbohydrates or complex sugars cause gas.
• Constipation-condition in which feces become dry and hard and bowel movements become hard
  

Cardiovascular System

FUNCTIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

THIS IS COMPOSED OF THE HEART AND ALL THE BLOoD VESSELS OF THE BODY.

Structure Of The Cardiovascular System

THE HEART-The heart and the brain are perhaps the most important organs in your body.Chambers Of The Heart-There are four chambers in the heart. Each of two smaller chambers is called an atrium. The two larger,lower chambers are called ventures.

Circulation In The Heart

Blood

Blood delivers oxygen,hormones,and nutrients to the cells and carriesaway wastes that the cell produce. About 55 percent of total blood.

RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Red blood cells transport oxygen to the cells and tissue of the body. White blood cells protect the body from infections and fight infections when they occur.

Blood Vessels

There are threee main types of blood vessels: arteries, cappillaries, and veins. There are more than 60,000 miles that transport blood.

ARTERIES

This is blood vessels that cary blood away from the heart. They have thick elastic walls tha tcontain smooth muscle fiber.

CAPILLARIES

Small vessels that carry blood between arterios and vessels called venules. They form an extensive througout tissue and organs.

VEINS

BLOOD VESSELS THAT RETURNTO THE HEART.

Platelets

are cells that prevent the body's loss of blood. They gather at the site of an injury and release chemicals.

Lymph

Clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells. It is transported by the lymphatic system to the heartand returns to the blood.

B-Cells And T Cells

B cells are lymphocytes that stimulate to multiply,T cells enlarge than multiply

CARE AND PROMBLEMS OF THE CARDIVASCULAR SYSTEM

Teen years are the best times to take care of the cardivasculr system

The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=the+skeletal+system&hl=en&emb=0&aq=f

The skeleton is a strong, flexible framework that supports the body and protects the infornal or glands.
Consist of 206 bone

AXIAL is made up of the bones of te head, neck, and trunk.




APPENDICULAR is made up of the bone sof the arms and legs and their supports

TYPES OF BONES



Long Bones are bones in your legs and arms.

Short Bones are almost equal in lenghts and width (wrists and ankles)

Flat Bones are somewaht thinner and much flatter than other bones, they are located inthe skull . The scapula or shoulder blade is an example of a flat bone






Irregular Bones are irregularly shaped bones such as some facial bones or verebrae

CARTILAGE

• Is a strong, flexible connective tissue it is another component of your skeletal system.

JOINTS

• Joints are points at which bones meet.



• Ball and socket joints are formed when the rounded head of one bone fits into the rounded cavity of an adjoining bone
  



• Pivot Joints allow limited rotation ot turning of the head.







• Ellipsoidal Joints such as the one in your wrist have an oval shaped part and is curved
  
  
  

CARING FOR YOUR SKELETAL SYSTEM

Caring for your skeletal system is important so your body will not get skeletal disorder.







FRACTURES is any type of break in a bone

OSTEOPOROSIS

Condition in which proggressive loss of bone tissue accurs

SCOLIOSIS

Lateral or side to side curvature of the spine

INJURIES TO JOINTS

Dislocation-results when the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint are torn

Torn cartlidge-can result from a sharp bow or the twisting of a joint.

REPETITIVE MOTION INJURY

This is damage to tissue caused by prolonged repeated movements such as sewing or computer work

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

TYPES OF MUSCLES-SMOOTH MUSCLES act on lining of passageways and internal organs. SKELETAL Muscles are attached to bone and cause body movements. FLEXOR is a muscle that close a joint. EXTENSOR is a muscle that opens a joint. CARDIAC MUSCLES is a type of straited muscle that forms the wall of the heart.

CARE OF THE MUSCLE SYSTEM

Regular physical activity is the best way to care for the muscular system. MUSCLE TONE is the natural tension in the fibers of a muscle.

PROMBLEMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Bruise-is an area of dislocated skin that appears after an injury causes the blood vessels beneath skin to rupture and leak

Muscle strain or sprain-results when a muscle is streched or partially torn as a results of overexertion

Tendonits-or the inflamtion of a tendon

Hernia-occurs when an organ or tissue protudes through an area of weak muscles.

MUSCLE DYSTROPHY is inherted disorde in which muscle fiber are destroyed.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

NEURONS

Neurons are nerve cells.

Cell body-contains the nucleous, the control center.

Dendrites-are branched structures that extend from the cell body in most neurons.

Axons-transmit impulses away from the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Spinal Cord-is a longcolumn of nerve tissue about the thickness of your index finger extending about 18 inches down your back.

THE BRAIN


Intergrates and controls the activities of your nervous system.

BRAIN STEM

Is a 3 inch stalk of nerve cells

CEREBELLUM

Second largest part of the brain